Introducing Sociology NCERT Class-11|| Chapter -3: Understanding Social Institutions ( Mizo Explanation)
📝Bibliography: He Zirlai hi NCERT Class -11: Introducing Sociology Chapter -3: Understanding Social Institutions tih atang leh Haralambos & Holborn (Themes and Perspectives) atanga a lak a awm zeuh zeuh bawk, a tam zawk hi NCERT base a ziah ani a Keima idea tlem a zawng a awm bawk ang...He chapter ah hian NCERT a mi chu a kim thei ang bera ziah ani bawk.Pure Mizo a ziah ani lova Aspirant te tan a awlsam zawk nan english word a tam theih ang ber mizo a hrilhfiahna tel nghal hman a ni.
(Ziah sual palh emaw Mizo tawng dik lo hman ka neih palh thei a, chhiar tu ten min lo hrethiam sak bawk dawn nia..)
📚Introduction:
He zirlai kan zirtur hi mihring leh khawtlang inzawmna sawina atanga intan a ni dawn a. Mihring tinte hian khawtlangah hian hmun kan luah theuh a. Kan vai hian dinhmun leh mawhphurhna kan nei theuh bawk, mahse heng hi mimal tin te duhthlan mai mai a ni lo. Film-a changtute an duh anga an chan theih ang mai mai kha a ni lo. Khawtlang boruak hian min chelh bet a, min thunun a, hremna leh lawmman min pe a ni. Chungte chu 'macro' (lian) khawtlang boruak, ram ang te, emaw 'micro' (te) chhungkua ang te a ni thei.
He chapter-ah hian khawtlang boruak leh sociology/social anthropology-in a zir dan tur kan zirho dawn a ni. He chapter-ah hian khawtlang inzirtirna(institutions) pawimawh awmna hmun thenkhat, chungte chu:
(i) chhungkua, inneihna leh inzawmna;
(ii) politics;
(iii) economics;
(iv) sakhua; leh
(v) zirna chungchang tlangpui a sawi kan lo tum leh dawn a ni.
A tlangpuia sawiin, institutions hi dan hmanga siam emaw, dan emaw hnam dan anga pawm, thil ti tura siam a ni. Dan kalh lova a kal zel theih nan, chung dan chu hriat tel a ngai a ni. Khawtlang inzirtirna hian mihringte chelh betin, anmahni tan remchang a siamsak bawk.Khawtlang inzirtirna hi a tawk maiin a ngaih theih bawk. Mi tam tak chuan chhungkua, sakhua, ram emaw zirna pawh hi a tawk tlatin an ngai.
Sociology-ah hian ngaihdan inang lo leh danglam tak tak a awm tih kan hmu tawh a. Functionalist leh conflict ngaihdan kan hmelhriat tawh bawk a, thil inang, entirnan, dinhmun inthlauhna emaw khawtlang thunun dan chungchang an hmuh dan a danglam hle tih kan hmu. Chuvangin, khawtlang inzirtirna hriat thiam dan pawh a danglam hle a ni.
Q.Functionalist awmzia en zuai ang o,Eng nge functionalist awm zia chu? "Phur tawh a nia sawi vat teh" 🤷
Functionalist hi sociology leh anthropology-ah hman a ni a, society-ah hian eng nge a hnathawh (function) tih lam hawi a ni. Functionalist-te chuan society hi a pum puiin a hnathawh dan leh a inrem dan an ngaihtuah thin. Mizo tawng chuan "hna thawh dan" emaw "hna thawk" tih a ni thei awm e.
✅Social Institutions
Functionalist ngaihdan chuan social institution-te hi social norm ( khawtlang tihdan phung) , sakhua, thil ngaihpawimawh leh mawhphurhna inkungkaihna chi hrang hrang, society mamawh phuhruk tura lo piang chhuak an ni. Social institution-te hi social mamawh phuhruk turin an awm. Chuvangin, society-ah hian informal leh formal social institution-te kan hmu a ni. Chhungkua leh sakhua te hi informal social institution entirna an ni a, dan leh (formal) zirna te hi formal social institution an ni thung.
Conflict ( inrem lohna, inkalh,etc.) ngaihdan chuan mi tin hi society-ah intluktlang vek an ni lo. Social institution zawng zawng, chhungkua, sakhua, politics, economics, dan emaw zirna lam emaw pawh ni se, society-a changkang zawk (dominant sections) te, class, caste, tribe, emaw gender pawh ni se, anmahni hmasialin an che thin. Dominant social section te hian political leh economic institution-te chauh an thunun lo a, ruling class te ngaihdan chu society-a ngaihdan pawimawh ber a nih theih nan an theih tawp an chhuah bawk. Hei hi society hi a pawimawh ber tih ngaihdan nen chuan a inang lo hle.
He chapter i chhiar zel hian, social institution-te hian mimalte engtin nge an chelh ding (constrain) a, engtin nge remchang (opportunities) an siam theih tih entirna tur te ngaihtuah chhuah tum rawh. Society-a mi hrang hrangte chungah inang lo takin an thawk em tih en bawk ang che. Entirnan, "Chhungkua hian mipa leh hmeichhia te engtin nge a chelh ding a, remchang an siam bawk?" tiin kan zawt thei ang. A nih loh leh "Political emaw legal institution-te hian hausa leh rethei te engtin nge an nghawng?" tiin.
✅ CHHUNGKUA, INNEIHNA LEH INZAWMNA
Chhungkua hi kan ngai hluin social institutions dang zawng zawng ai pawhin a pawimawh hle, mihring te hi chhumgkua a kan insiam chiah hian kan inzawmna a nghet bik e tiin kan ngai thin a ni.
Sociology leh social anthropology hian kum tam tak chhung, hnam hrang hrangah field research an kalpui tawh a, chhungkua, inneihna leh inlaichinna institution-te hi society zawng zawngah an pawimawh a, mahse an pianhmang erawh society hrang hrangah a danglam hlawm tih an tarlang. Chhungkua (private sphere) hi economic, political, cultural leh educational (public) sphere te nen an inzawm tlat bawk tih an tarlang bawk.
Q.Eng nge social anthropology awmzia chu tih zawhna i nei Chiang ltk ka hre thei?🤷
Social anthropology hi mihringte khawsak dan, inlaichinna, leh culture hrang hrang zirna a ni. Mihringte hi engtin nge kan nung, engtin nge kan inlaichin, leh engtin nge kan culture-te hi kan vawn tlat tih lam hawi a ni. Mizo tawng chuan "mihring ziarang zirna" tih a ni thei awm e.
Functionalist-te ngaihdan chuan chhungkua hian hna pawimawh tak tak a thawk a, chu chuan society mamawh bulpuite phuhrukin social order a vawng him a ni. Functionalist perspective( thlirna tlang atang ) chuan modern industrial society-ah hian hmeichhiain chhungkua an enkawl a, mipain eizawnna an dap chuan a tha ber an ti. India rama zirbingna neihah erawh chuan, industrial economy pattern-ah pawh chhungkua hi nuclear family ni vek kher lo turin a tarlang (Singh 1993: 83). Hei hi society pakhat tawn hriat behchhena trend siam a ni a, adangah a hman vek theih kher loh tih entirna pakhat chauh a ni.Nuclear family hi industrial society mamawh phuhruk tura inpeih ber unit-ah an ngai.
Chhungkaw pakhat ah hian puitling pakhat in pawn lam ah hna a thawk a, a dang in in leh naupang a enkawl thei. A taka sawi chuan, nuclear family chhunga mawhphurhna insem hi chuan pasal in chhungkaw chawm tu 'instrumental' hna a chelh a, nupui in chhung inenkawlna ah 'affective', rilru lam mawhphurhna a chelh (Giddens 2001). He ngaihdan hi zawhna tak tak awmna a ni, hmeichhe lam tan a dik lo mai bakah, hnam hrang hrang leh chanchin ah te a dik lo tih hmuh a ni. Chutih rual in, hna leh economy chungchang sawi ho na ah in hmu ang, garment export ang chi ah hmeichhia in hna an thawk tam hle. Hetiang a in then hrang hi chuan mipa chauh in chhungkaw hotu an ni tlat tih na a ni lo.
✅Chhungkaw hrang hrang awm dan
India ram ah chuan nuclear family atang a joint family a insawn chungchang hi sawi ho ber a ni. Sociology in common sense ngaihdan a zawhna a siam dan kan hmu tawh. A nihna tak ah chuan, India ram ah hian nuclear family hi a awm fo tawh thin, a bikin hnam leh class hnuaihnung zawk ah.
Sociologist A.M. Shah chuan post-independent hnu ah joint family hi an pung zel a ti. A chhan chu India ram ah dam rei thei a pung ve zel vang a ni a ti. Mipa tan 1941-50 atang a 1981-85 chhung in 32.5 atang 55.4 kum ah a pung a, hmeichhia hi 31.7 atang 55.7 kum ah a pung bawk. Chuvang chuan, kum 60 chin chung lam an pung zel. Shah chuan hetiang hian a ziak:
"Heng upa te hi eng chhungkaw ah nge an chen ang? Joint household ah tam zawk an cheng" (Shah 1998).
Hei hian a huam zau hle. Mahse, sociological perspective ang in, joint family hi a bo mai mai lo tih ngaihdan dik lo kan ring mai mai tur a ni lo tih min hrilh a ni. Tin, comparative leh empirical study ngun taka neih a tul tih min hrilh bawk.
Mithiam te chuan chhungkaw hrang hrang awm dan hi hnam hrang hrang ah in ang lo tak in an hmu thu an tarlang bawk.
✅ Hmeichhe chhungkaw enkawlna:
Mipa te khawpui lam ah an pem bo in, hmeichhe ten in leh huan an enkawl a ngai thin. Tam tak ah chuan an chhungkaw chawm tu ber an ni thin. Heng chhungkaw te hi hmeichhe chhungkaw enkawlna an ti.Kolams, south-eastern Maharashtra leh northern Andhra Pradesh a hnam thenkhat te zing ah chuan, hmeichhe chhungkaw enkawlna hi a tam hle.
Inneihna leh chhungkaw insiam danah, thenkhat chu nupa thar te hmeichhe nu leh pa te hnenah an awm thin a, thenkhat erawh chu mipa nu leh pa te hnenah an awm thin. Hmeichhia nu leh pa te hnenah an awm thin hi matrilocal an ti a, mipa nu leh pa te hnenah an awm thin hi patrilocal an ti. Chhungkaw rorelnaah mipa ten thu an nei ber a, hmeichhe ten thu an nei ber anih chuan matriarchy ( keini Mizo in thaibawi kan tih ang hi ni mai lo maw😂) an ti. Matrilineal society chu a awm theih laiin, matriarchal society erawh chu a awm theih loh.
Chhungkua hi Society dang nen pawh an inzawm tlat a.Kan nitin nunah chhungkua hi economic emaw political emaw nen a inzawm lo emaw kan ti thin. Mahse, i hmuh ang hian chhungkua, in, a structure leh a dan te hi society dang nen a inzawm tlat a ni. Germany a inzawmkhawm hnuah, inneihna a tlahniam chak hle a, hei hi a chhan pakhat a ni.
A chhan chu German ram thar chuan an inpumkhat hma a chhungkua te hnena venhimna leh welfare scheme an pek thin zawng zawng a lak let vek vang a ni. Eizawnna lama him lohna a pung zel avangin mipui chuan an inneih duh lohna hmangin an chhang let a.Chhungkua leh inzawmna hi economic lama thil thleng lian zawk avangin a danglam thei a, mahse danglamna kawng hi ram leh hmun zawng zawngah a inang vek kher lo thei a ni. Chu mai bakah, danglamna hian hmanlai atanga awm tawh dan leh inrelbawlna a tireh vek tihna a ni lo. Danglamna leh chhunzawmna a awm tlang ve ve a ni.
🕵️Q.Chhungkua ah hian mipa leh hmeichhia thliarhranna a awm em?🤔
Mipa naupangin an nu leh pa tar tawh an chawm theih a, hmeichhe naupang erawh chuan an inneih hunah an chhuahsan dawn nia an ngaih avangin chhungkuain mipa naupangah sum an thehchhuak zawk thin. Hmeichhe naupangin mipa naupang aiin dam khawchhuah theihna chance tha zawk an neih biological fact a nih chungin, India rama naupang kum tlem zawkah chuan hmeichhe naupang thi hlut dan hi mipa naupang aiin a sang zawk a ni.
🤷Inneihna Dan
Hmanlai atang tawhin inneihna hi chi hrang hrangin a lo awm tawh a ni.Inneih dan hrang hrang a awm a. Heng dan hrang hrang hi mi an inneih zat leh inneih theihna dan hmangin a hriat theih a. Mi an inneih zat chungchangah chuan, inneih dan hrang hnih kan nei a, chung chu monogamy leh polygamy an ni. Monogamy chuan mi pakhat chauh nupui/pasal neih a phal a. He dan hnuaiah hian, mipa pakhatin nupui pakhat chauh a nei thei a, hmeichhia pakhatin pasal pakhat chauh a nei thei a ni. Polygamy phalna awmna hmunah pawh, a taka an hman danah chuan, monogamy hi a lar zawk hle a ni.
Khawtlang tam takah chuan, mi pakhatin a nupui/pasal hmasa a thih hnuah emaw, an inthen hnuah emaw an innei leh thei a. Mahse, nupui/pasal pakhat aia tam an nei thei lo. Chutiang monogamous inneihna chu serial monogamy an ti a. Nupui an thih hnuah mipa an innei leh thin a. Mahse, in hriat theuh angin, Hindu hmeithai sang zawk te tan inneih leh phal a ni lo a, hmeithai inneih leh theihna tura beih hi kum zabi 19-naa siamthatna lian tak a ni. Tunlai India ramah hian hmeichhe za zela 10 vel leh kum 50 chung lam hmeichhe za zela 55 chu hmeithai an ni.
Polygamy chuan mi pakhatin nupui/pasal pakhat aia tam a neih theihna a kawk a, chu chu: Polygyny (pasal pakhatin nupui hnih emaw a aia tam a neih) emaw Polyandry (nupui pakhatin pasal pahnih emaw a aia tam a neih) emaw a ni. A tlangpuiin, sum leh pai dinhmun a that lohna hmunah chuan, polyandry hi khawtlangin a chhanlet dan pakhat a ni thei a, chutiang dinhmunah chuan mipa pakhatin a nupui leh a fate a chawm zo lo thin a ni. Tin, retheihna nasa tak chuan mipui pung zel tur a dang bawk.
✅Inneih Dan Tur Ruahman Dan: Dan leh Hrilhfiahna
Khawtlang thenkhatah chuan, nupui/pasal thlan chungchang thutlukna chu nu leh pa/chhungte siam a ni a; khawtlang thenkhatah erawh chuan mi malin an nupui/pasal tur an thlang thei a ni.
🕵️Endogamy leh Exogamy Dan
Khawtlang thenkhatah chuan heng dante hi a thup deuh a, thenkhatah erawh chuan inneih theih leh theih loh tur chu chiang takin an hrilhfiah a ni. Inneih theihna dan hrang hrang chu endogamy leh exogamy tia hriat a ni.
Endogamy (chhungkaw/hnam/chi chhunga inneih) hian mi chu hnam/chi/chhungkaw binga inneih a phut a, entirnan, caste (chi) angah. Exogamy (chhungkaw/hnam/chi pawn lama inneih), endogamy inkhelh lam, hian mi chu ama group pawn lama inneih a phut thung. Endogamy leh exogamy hi chhungkhat hnaivai, entirnan, clan, caste leh hnam, chi emaw sakhaw group hrang hrangte chungchang a ni. India ramah, north India hmun thenkhatah chuan khaw pawn lama inneih (village exogamy) hi an ching thin. Khaw pawn lama inneih hian fanute chu an in atanga hla taka awm chhungkaw dangah an inneih tir thin. He ruahmanna hian mo thar chu ama chhungte (kinsmen) in an buaipui lovin, a pasal te inah awlsam takin a insiamrem theih nan a pui thin. Hmun hla taka awmna leh patrilineal system (pa lam chhuia chhungkaw dinhmun theh) a inang lohna avang hian fanute chu an nu leh pate an hmu fo thei thin lo. Chuvang chuan an pianna in atanga an chhuah hi lungngaihna hun a ni thin a, chu chu hla phuah thiam ten an hlaah an telh thin, an chhuah laia an lungngaihna chu an sawi thin a ni.
To be.....
Chhungkhat hnaivai inkungkaihna hi inneihna hmangin emaw, thisen zawm (nu, pa, unau, fate, etc.) atanga inzawmna hmangin emaw siam theih a ni. Inneihna chu puitling pahnih, mipa leh hmeichhia, mipat-hmeichhiatna inzawmna, khawtlangin a pawm leh remtihsak an ni, tiin sawi theih a ni.( Mizoram ah chuan kohhran hriatpuina emaw nupui pasal in ruk). Mi pahnih an inneih chuan, an inzawm ta a ni. Inneihna hian mi tam zawk a inzawm tir bawk. Nu leh pate, unaute leh thisen zawm dangte chu inneihna hmangin an inzawm ve ta a ni. Pianna chhungkua chu family of orientation an ti a, inneih hnu a chhungkua chu family of procreation an ti. Thisen zawm hnaivai chu consanguineous an ti a, inneihna hmanga inzawm lo awm chu affines an ti. Hna leh sumdawnna chungchang kan sawi turah hian, chhungkua leh sumdawnna hi an inzawm tlat zia in hmu ang.
✅ HNA LEH SUMDAWNNA ( Work and Businesses)
🕵️Q.Hna (Work) chu engnge ni?🤷
Naupang leh zirlai kan nih laiin, kan len hnuah eng 'hna' nge kan thawh ang tiin kan suangtuah thin. He 'hna' tih hian hlawhfa hna a kawk chiang hle. Tunlai hunah chuan 'hna' tih awmzia hi a lar ber a ni.Mahse, hei hi a awlsam lutuk a ni. Hna tam tak chu hlawhfa hna ang hi a ni lo. Entirnan, informal economy-a hna thawh tam tak hi official employment statistics-ah hian ziahlan a ni ve lo. Informal economy tih hian regular employment pawn lama sumdawnna, service pek avanga pawisa inpek tawnna telin, bungrua emaw service emaw inpek tawnna a tel bawk.
Hna chu, hlawhfa hna emaw, hlawh nei lo emaw, rilru leh taksa tha sen ngai hna thawh hi a ni, tiin sawi theih a ni.Taksa thawh rimna, chu chu mihring mamawh phuhruk theiha bungraw leh service siamchhuah tumna a ni.
Q.Thawh dan hrang hrang leh Insem dan🕵️
Kan pi leh pu te hunlai ah chuan mi tam zawk chu lo (jhum) siama hna thawk thin an ni a, an ran vulh an enkawl thin.Khawvel lo changkang zelin Khawl hmanga hmasawnna ramah chuan, mipui tlemte chauhvin lo siam an buaipui a, lo neih pawh khawl hmanga thawh a ni deuh ber tawh.Mi kut hmanga tih aiin a tam zawk. India ram angah chuan, mipui tam zawk chu thingtlanga loneih emaw thingtlanga hnathawh dangah an la inhman chhunzawm zel a ni.India ramah hian thil dang, entirnan, service sector zauh zelna te pawh a awm bawk.
Tunlai khawtlanga economic system hriatna langsar ber pakhat chu hnathawh intawmna (division of labour) a hluar bik lutuk hi a ni. Hnathawh hi miin an thiam bika an thawh tur hna hrang hrang tam takah then darh a ni. Hmanlai khawtlangah chuan, loneih lohva hnathawh chu kut themthiamna kha a nih leh deuh tawp maia. Kut themthiamna (handicrafts ) hi zirtirna hun rei tak chhung zir a ngai a, hnathawktuin thil siam chhuah hna chu a bul atanga a tawp thlengin a thawk deuh vek thin.
Tunlai khawtlangah chuan hnathawhna hmun pawh a insawn nasa hle. Industrialisation hma chuan, hnathawh tam zawk chu inah a awm a, chhungkuaa member zawng zawngin an thawk khawm thin. Industrial technology-a hmasawnna, entirnan, electric leh meikhu hmanga khawl hmanga hnathawh te chuan in leh hnathawhna hmun inthen hrang turin a pui a ni. Capitalist sumdawng lian (entrepreneurs) nei factory-te chu industrial hmasawnna hmunpui ber a lo ni ta a ni.
Factory-a hna zawng mite chu hna bik thiam tura zirtir an ni a, hemi hna an thawh avang hian hlawh an hmu thin. Manager-te chuan hna an vil a, hnathawktute chu an thawk chak theih nan leh hna an thawk tha em tih en turin a ni.
Tunlai khawtlanga thil langsar ber pakhat chu economic interdependence (sumdawnna lama innghah tawnna) zau lutuk hi a ni. Kan zavai hian khawvel hmun hrang hranga hnathawktu dang tam takah kan innghat a ni—kan ei leh bara min chawm tura thil siam chhuah leh service-ah te hian. Thil tlem azawng tih loh chu, tunlai khawtlanga mi tam ber chuan an eitur an siam chhuak lo, an chenna in an sa lo, emaw an hman tur bungrua an siam chhuak lo.
✅Transformation of Work
Industrial processes-te chu operation awlsam tak takah then darh a ni a, chung chu hun bituk, organise, leh vil theih a ni. Mass production (thil lian tham siam chhuah) chuan mass market (mipui tam zawk theihna) a phut.
Minimum wage hman ang chi emaw, a aia tam hman emaw pawh nise, a pawimawh ber chu retailer support hmuh theih a ni. Retailer-te'n sorkar leh local agency-te pressure an pe thei a, chutiang chuan wage structure sang leh a taka hman theih a ni ang. Chu thil chu international opinion forum siam tura ngaihdan chu a ni (Roy Choudhury 2005:2254).
✅🕵️POLITICS
Political institution-te chu society-a power sem darh chungchangah an buai thin hle. Power leh authority tih concept pahnih hi political institution hriatthiamna atana pawimawh tak a ni. Power chu mi mal emaw group emaw an duh ang an tih theihna a ni, mi dangin an dodal chung pawhin. Authority chuan power nei tute'n mi dangte chanvo an la tihna a ni. Society-ah power zat chu a fixed a, thenkhatin power an hman chuan mi dangin an hmang ve lo. A dangah chuan, mi mal emaw group emaw chuan power an nei bik lo, mi dangte nen inzawm tlatin an nei a ni.
Power chungchang hi a huam zau hle a, chhungkuaa upate'n an fate in chhunga hna an pek atanga, school-a principal-te'n discipline an enforce thlengin a ni. Factory General Manager-in executive-te hna a sem atanga, political leader-te'n an party program an regulate thlengin. Principal chuan school-a discipline vawn theihna power a nei. Political party president chuan party member expel theihna power a nei. Case tinah, mi mal emaw group emaw chuan power an nei a, mi dangte'n an duh ang an tihsak chinah. Chutiang chuan, political activity emaw politics emaw chu 'power' chungchangah an buai a ni.
Mahse he 'thuneihna' hi a tum hlen nan engtin nge hman a nih? Engvangin nge mite'n midang thu an zawm? Heng zawhna te hi 'thuneihna' (authority) tih thumal nen inkungkaihin chhanna hmuh theih a ni. Thuneihna hmangin 'power' (thu neih theihna) hi hman a ni. Thuneihna chu 'power' chi khat, dik leh fel nia pawm, a nihna takah chuan, a ni. Legitimacy (dik nia pawmna) a innghah avangin institutionalised (pumhlun) a ni. Mite chuan thuneihna nei tute'n anmahni an control chu a fair (dik) a, a justified (fel) nia an ngaih avangin an pawm tlangpui. A chang chuan, hei hi a dik nia ngaihna (legitimation) process pui turin ideologies (ngaihdan) a awm thin.
✅ Ram Awm Lohna Khawtlang
Kum sawmruk liam taa social anthropologist-te'n ram awm lohna khawtlang chungchang an zirnaah chuan sawrkar hmanrua awm lovin engtin nge remna leh order an neih theih tih a lang. Chutah chuan, thenawm hrang hrangte'n inrem taka an awm tlan theihna turin an indona te, chhungkhat lainatna te, inneihna te leh chenna hmun te hmangin an inzawm tlat a; inthawina te, intihhlimna te hmangin an inzawm tlat bawk.
Kan hriat theuh angin, tunlai state (ram) chuan structure (pumrua) leh formal procedures (dan leh hrai) a nei. Mahse, chung ram awm lohna khawtlanga informal mechanisms an hman chu tunlai state-ah pawh a la awm ve tho em tih zawhna hi a lo puang ta a ni?
✅ State tih thumal
M. State chu sawrkar hmanrua (parliament emaw congress emaw, civil service officials emaw) hmanga ram pakhat chunga ro relna a awmna hmun a ni. Sawrkar thuneihna chu dan leh hrai hmangin a innghat a, a policy te hlen chhuak turin military force (sipai) hman theihna a nei bawk. Functionalist perspective chuan state chu khawtlang hrang hrangte'n an duh ang an neih theihna tur hmanruaah a ngai a. Conflict perspective chuan state chu khawtlanga mi hausa leh thuneite'n an duh ang an neih theihna tur hmanruaah a ngai thung.
Tunlai state chu traditional state nen an danglam hle. Heng state-te hi sovereignty (ram chunga thu neih theihna), citizenship (khua leh tui nihna) leh nationalism (ram hmangaihna) hmangin an in define (hrilhfiah) a ni. Sovereignty chu ram pakhat chunga political rule (sawrkar rorelna) dik leh pawm tlan a awmna hmun a ni.
Sovereign state chu a tirah chuan citizenship hmanga political participation (sawrkarah tel theihna) neih theihna a ni lo. Chungte chu monarch (lal) thuneihna tih tlem emaw, anmahni paih thlak emaw hmanga neih theih a ni. French Revolution leh kan Indian independence struggle chu chung movement zinga mi an ni.
Citizenship rights (khua leh tui nihna atanga neih theih rights) chu civil, political leh social rights te an ni. Civil rights chuan mi tinte'n an duh hmun apianga an chen theihna te; thu leh hlaa an duh an sawi theihna te; sakhua an duh an zawm theihna te; property an neih theihna te; leh dan hmaah an intluk tlang theihna te a keng tel. Political rights chuan inthlanah tel theihna te leh sawrkar hna an dil theihna te a keng tel. Ram tam takah chuan sawrkar chuan universal franchise (mi tinte'n vote an thhlak theihna) principle hi pawm harsa an ti. A tirah chuan hmeichhia chauh ni lovin, mipate pawh property an neih tlem avangin vote thlak theihna an nei lo. Hmeichhiate chuan vote thlak theihna an neih nan rei tak an nghak a ni.
Citizenship rights chi thumna chu social rights te an ni. Chungte chuan anmahni mi mal tinte'n hlawh tlem ber an hmuhna tur leh himna an neih theihna tura an chanvo chu an duhthlan theihna a ni. Chung chanvo zingah chuan hriselna lama tanpuina, hnathawh theih loh laia tanpuina, hlawh tlem ber bithliah te a tel a. Khawtlang emaw, welfare rights emaw tih zauh zelna chuan welfare state a hring chhuak a, chu chu Indopui II hnuah Western ram hrang hrangah din a ni. Socialist ram hluite chuan hetiang lama chanvo zau tak an nei a. Ram hmasawn mek tam takah chuan a awm lo hrim hrim a ni. Tunah chuan khawvel pumah hian heng khawtlang chanvo hi state-in phurrit a neihna leh economy hmasawnna tura daltu anga sawi an ni chho ta zel a ni.
Nationalism chu politics lama inzawmkhawmna hmun khata tel ve nia inhriatna pe theitu chhinchhiahna leh rinna hrang hrang sawina a ni thei ang. Chuvangin, mi malte chuan 'British', 'Indian', 'Indonesian' emaw 'French' nihnaah hian chapona leh inzawmna an nei a ni. Mihringte hian eng social group-ah emaw chuan inzawmna an nei vek tawh mai thei a, entirnan, an chhungkua, an hnam emaw, sakhaw inzawmkhawmnaah te a ni. Nationalism erawh chu state hmasawnna nen chauh a lo lang chhuak a ni. Tunlai khawvelah hian global market zauh chak tak a awm rualin, nationalist rilru leh buaina pawh a nasa hle a ni.
Sociologist ten an focus chu politics nena inkungkaih bika sawi theih, entirnan, state legislature, khawpui council leh political party te chauh ni lovin, school, bank leh sakhaw hmunpui te ang chi, a tum ber chu politics chauh ni lo pawl hrang hrangte pawh a huam tel a ni. Sociology huam chhung hi a zau hle a. International movement (entirnan, hmeichhe movement emaw, environmental movement emaw) atanga khaw tlang hrang hrang inkara buaina thlengin a huam pha a ni.
✅ SAKHUA ( Religion)
Sakhua hi hun rei tak chhung atangin zirna leh ngaihtuahna bul ber pakhat a ni tawh. Chapter 1 ka ziah ah khan, khawtlang chungchang sociological findings te hi sakhaw ngaihtuahna atanga a danglam dan kan ziak tel tawh bawka. Sakhua chungchang sociological study hi sakhaw study emaw theological study emaw atangin kawng tam takin a danglam a. Pakhatnaah chuan, sakhua hian khawtlangah engtin nge a thawh a, institution dangte nen engtin nge an inzawm tih empirical study a nei thin. Pahnihnaah chuan, comparative method a hmang thin. Pathumnaah chuan, sakhaw rinna, tihdan leh institution te hi khawtlang leh culture dangte nen a inzawm dan a zir thin.
Empirical method awmzia chu sociologist hian sakhaw thil chungchangah judgemental approach a nei lo tihna a ni. Comparative method hi a pawimawh hle, khawtlang zawng zawng hi level khatah a rawn dah theih avangin. Bias leh prejudice tel lovin zir theih nan a pui thin. Sociological perspective awmzia chu sakhaw nun hi chhungkaw nun, economic nun leh political nun nena inzawm chauhvin a hriatthiam theih tihna a ni.
Sakhua hi hriat tawh chin ah khawtlang zawng zawngah a awm a, sakhaw rinna leh tihdan te erawh chu culture hrang hrangah a danglam hlawm. Sakhua zawng zawng in ang na tlang pui chu:
✅symbols thenkhat, zahna emaw hlauhna
✅rituals emaw ceremonies;
✅Ringtu pawl awmkhawm
Sakhua nena inzawm ritual hrang hrangte hi a inang lo hle. Ritual thiltih-ah chuan ṭawngṭai te, hla sak te, hla sak te, chaw chi hrang hrang ei (a nih loh leh chutianga tih loh), ni engemaw zat chaw nghei, leh a dangte a tel thei a ni. Ritual thiltih hi sakhaw chhinchhiahna lam hawi a nih avangin nun pangngaia tih dan leh kalphung nen a danglam hle niin an ngai tlangpui. Pathian chawimawi nâna meipui emaw, diya emaw hal chu pindan êng tûra tih mai nên a awmzia chu a danglam vek a ni. Sakhaw thil tih hi mimal pakhatin a mimal nitin nunah a ti fo thin. Mahse sakhaw zawng zawngah hian ringtute inzawmkhawma an tih tur inkhawmna (ceremonial) te pawh a tel vek a ni. Inkhawmpui neih hi hmun bik-biak in, mosque, temple, hmun thianghlim-ah te a awm tlangpui.
Sakhua hi ram thianghlim chungchang a ni. Sakhaw hrang hranga mite’n ram thianghlim an luh hmain eng nge an tih, tih hi han ngaihtuah teh. Entirnan lu khuh emaw, lu khuh loh emaw, pheikhawk phelh emaw, thawmhnaw chi khat bik ha emaw, etc. An zavaia thil inang chu hmun thianghlim emaw dinhmun thianghlim emaw zahna, hriatna leh zahna rilru put hmang hi a ni.
Sakhaw lam zir mi sociologist-te chuan Emile Durkheim-a hnung zuiin, khawtlang tinte’n thil bawlhhlawh leh thil bawlhhlawh an thliar hrang thin he ram thianghlim hi hriatthiam an duh hle. A tam zâwk ah chuan, thil thianghlimah hian thil mak tak tak element pakhat a tel ah an ngai a ni. Vawi tam tak chu thing emaw, biak in emaw thianghlim chu a hnung lama thiltihtheihna mak tak tak a awm vang a ni tih rinna neiin an lo awm thin. Mahse, Buddhism hmasa leh Confucianism ang chi sakhaw thenkhat chuan thil mak tak tak chungchangah ngaihdan an nei lo va, thil thianghlim nia an ngaih thil leh mite zahna tling an phal tih hi hriat reng a pawimawh hle.
Sakhaw lam sociologically zir hian sakhua leh social institution dangte inzawmna chungchangah zawhna kan zawt thei a ni. Sakhua hian thuneihna leh politics nen inzawmna nghet tak a nei a. Entirnan, history-ah hian hmun thenkhat ah chuan khawtlang nun inthlak danglamna tur sakhaw pawl kan ti ang hi a awm fo thin a, chu chu anti-caste movement hrang hrang ог mipa leh hmeichhia inthliarna dodalna movement ang chi te hi a ni. Sakhua hi mimal rinna chauh ni lovin vantlang mizia a nei bawk. Tin, he sakhaw vantlang mizia hian, khawtlang institution dangte chungah pawh nghawng pawimawh tak a nei a ni.
Sociology hian thuneihna hi a zau zawngin a thlir dan kan hmu tawh a. Chuvangin, politics leh sakhaw lam inzawmna thlir hi sociological interest a ni. Classical sociologist-te chuan khawtlang nunphung (society) te chu tunlai anga an lo awm chhoh zel chuan sakhua hian nun kawng hrang hrangah nghawng a nei tlem zawk dawn niin an ngai a. Concept secularisation hian he kalphung hi a sawifiah a ni. Tunlai thil thlengte han en hian sakhaw hmun hrang hrangah chanvo a nei reng tih a tilang Chiang hle.
Sakhua hi a hranpaa zir theih a ni lo. Khawtlang boruak chuan sakhaw hmunpui te hi a nghawng tlat thin. Politika inhnialna te, sum dinhmun te leh mipat-hmeichhiatna chungchang te hian sakhaw chetzia hi a nghawng tlat thin ang.
Chutih rualin, sakhaw dan te hian khawtlang hriatthiamna hi a nghawngin, a chang chuan a hril tlat thin bawk. Hmeichhia te hi khawvel mipui zaa sawmnga (50%) an ni. Chuvangin, sociology lam atanga ngaihtuahin, he mipui tam tak hian sakhua nen inzawmna eng nge an neih tih zawh hi a pawimawh hle a ni. Sakhua hi khawtlang tana pawimawh tak a ni a, a dang nena inzawm tlat a ni. Heng inzawmna hrang hrang phawrh chhuah hi sociologist-te hna a ni. Khawtlang hmasawn tawh loah chuan, sakhua hian khawtlang nunah hian hmun pawimawh tak a chang tlangpui. Sakhaw chhinchhiahna te leh sakhaw thil tih te hi khawtlang thil tangkai leh hmanrua te nen a inzawm tlat thin.
✅ ZIRNA( Education):
Zirna hi dam chhung daih thil a ni a, zirna in formal leh informal ve ve a tel. Hetah erawh chuan school zirna chauh kan sawi dawn a ni. School-a luh theih hi a pawimawh hle tih kan hre theuh awm e. A tam zawk tan chuan, school hi zirna sang zawk pan nana step hmasa a ni a, a tawpah chuan hna hmuhna a ni tih kan hre bawk. Mi thenkhat tan chuan, khawtlanga pawimawh thiamna thenkhat neih theihna a ni maithei bawk. A pawimawh tlangpui chu, zirna mamawhna a awm tlat hi a ni.
Sociology chuan he mamawhna hi khawtlang zawng zawngin an neih theuh, group hmasawn tawh chin inhlanchhawn/inhriattir tawnna process angin a hria a ni. Khawtlang simple leh khawtlang complex(harsa,khirh) , modern te hi an danglam hle. Simple khawtlangah chuan, formal schooling mamawh a awm lo.
Sakhaw mi bik te nun tlanglawnah chuan thil dang tam takin nghawng a nei tawh. Chung zinga pawimawh ber chu Nasik-a hna thar leh zirna hlawhtlinna a pung zel te hi a ni... Independence hnuah chuan, puithiam te nun dan hi a danglam chak hle. Tunah chuan, an fapa te leh fanu te chu school-ah an tir tawh a, an hna tlanglawn ni lo, hna dang atan an inbuatsaih tawh... Pilgrimage hmun dang zawng ang bawkin, Nasik pawh hian sakhaw thil tih vel a hmunpui a siam chhuak bawk. Pilgrim tan chuan, Godavari lui tui thianghlim chu dar belah hawn tlanglawn a ni. Dar siamtu te chuan heng bel te hi an siam thin. Pilgrim te chuan bungraw dang te pawh an lei bawk a, chu chu an chhungkhat laina te leh an thiante hnenah present atan an hawn sak thin. Rei tak chhung chu Nasik hi dar, copper leh silver siam thiam tak tak te vangin a hming a thang hle... Mahse, an bungraw mamawhna hi a inthlak danglam reng a, a chian loh avangin, puitling mipa zawng zawng chuan he hna hi an chhunzawm thei lo... Siamtu tam tak chuan industry leh business-ah te an lut tawh a ni - a te leh a lianah pawh (Acharya 1974:399-401).
Naupangte chuan puitlingte nena thil an tihhoah hian an hnamzia leh nunphung an zir thin. Khawtlang khirh zawkah chuan, sum leh pai lamah hnathawh inthen hrang, in atanga hnathawh hrang, zirna leh thiamna bik mamawh, ram leh hnam system lo chhuak, entirna leh ngaihdan khirh tak takte a awm tih kan hmu. Chutiang boruakah chuan engtin nge zirtirna formal lo (informal) in i zawn chhuah theih ang? Engtin nge nu leh pate emaw puitling dangte emaw chuan a hmasa berah chuan thiam tur ang angte chu a fate or naute an hrilh theih ang? Chutiang khawtlang boruakah chuan zirtirna chu formal leh chiang (explicit) a ngai.
Chubakah, khawtlang khirh zawk hian, khawtlang pangngai nen a danglamna chu, ngaihdan abstract universalistic values an nei. Hei hian chhungkua, hnam, chi, caste emaw sakhua a innghat particularistic values nei khawtlang pangngai nen a danglamtir. Khawtlang khirh zawkah chuan school te chu inang tlang, duhthusam inang leh universalistic values promote turin an siam.
Emile Durkheim tan chuan, 'common base-ngaihdan, ngaihtuahna leh tihdan hrang hrang, zirtirna hian naupang zawng zawngah, eng social category pawh ni se, awlsam takin a zirtir tur' (Durkheim 1956:69) tel lovin khawtlang a ding thei lo. Zirtirna hian naupang chu hna bik tan a buatsaih tur a ni a, khawtlang universal core values te chu an thinlungah a tuh tur a ni.Chuvangin functionalist sociologist hian khawtlang mamawh leh social norms chungchang a sawi. Functionalist tan chuan, zirtirna hian social structure a vawng him a, a tipunlun a, culture a hril thin.
a thenkhtu a ni. Chutih rualin, zirna lama remchang indawt lohna pawh hi khawtlang inrelbawl dan atanga lo chhuak a ni. Danglam taka sawiin, kan chhungkaw dinhmun azirin school hrang hrangah kan kal a ni. Tin, school hrang hrangah kan kal avangin, chanvo hrang hrang leh remchang hrang hrang kan nei chhawm ta a ni.
Entirnan, thenkhat chuan school kalna hian 'mi hausa leh mi rethei inkara inzawmna a ti nghet' an ti. School tha taka kal naupangte chu an inringtawk thiam a, chutiang chanvo nei lo naupangte erawh chuan an inringtawk lo thung (Pathak 2002:151). Amaherawhchu, school kal thei lo emaw, bang emaw naupang tam tak an awm. Entirnan, zirchianna pakhatin heti hian a sawi:
“Tunah hian school-ah naupang thenkhat in hmu a ni. Buh phun laiin in lo kal chuan SC leh ST naupang an awm lo hrim hrim pawh in hmu mai thei. Nu leh pate hna an kal laiin, anmahni'n in lam hna an thawk vek thin a ni. Tin, chung hnam hmeichhe naupangte chu school an kal khat hle a, in lam hna leh sum lakluh theihna hna hrang hrang an thawk thin. Kum 10 mi hmeichhe naupangin hralh turin bawng ek ro a chhar thin, entirnan (Pratichi 2002:60).” India ram ah chuan school naupang thenkhat Chhungkua dinhmun avanga zirna in bansan an tam tawh hle tih hmuh chhuah a ni bawk.
📝🕵️HRILHFIAHNA:
✅ Khua leh tui: Politika khawtlanga member pakhat, member nihna nena inkungkaiha dikna leh mawhphurhna nei ve ve.
✅ Division of Labour: Hna hrang hrang, hmunkhat in siamchhuahna system chhunga hna hrang hrangte thawhkhawm dan bik. Khawtlang zawng zawngah hian hna insem dan tlem azawng tal chu a awm vek a ni. Mahse, industrialism a lo thang chhoh zel avangin, hna insem dan hi siamchhuahna system dang zawng zawng aiin a lo harsa zawk ta daih a ni. Tunlai khawvelah chuan, hna insem dan hi khawvel pum huap a ni.
✅Mipat/Hmeichhiatna (Gender): Mipa leh hmeichhe member-te tana mawi nia ngaih nungchang chungchanga beiseina. Mipat/Hmeichhiatna hi khawtlang dinna tura thil pawimawh ber pakhat a ni.
✅Empirical Investigation: Sociological zirna hmun apianga thil dik tak chhui chhuah.
Chhungkaw Inneih (Endogamy): Caste, class, emaw hnam bik chhunga inneih.
✅ Pawn Inneih (Exogamy): Chhungkhat hnam bik pawn lama inneih.
✅ Ngaihdan (Ideology): Pawl thuneitute hamthatna tana hman thin, ngaihdan emaw rinna intawm. Ngaihdan hi pawl hrang hrang inkara inang lohna fel tak leh nghet tak awmna khawtlang zawng zawngah hian hmuh theih a ni. Ngaihdan chungchang hi thuneihna nen a inzawm tlat a, ngaihdan system hian pawl hrang hrangten thuneihna an neih inang lo chu a nemnghet tlat a ni.
✅ Dikna (Legitimacy): Politika dinhmun bik chu a dik a, a tling a ni tih rinna.
✅Monogamy: Pasal pakhat leh nupui pakhat chauh inneih.
✅Polygamy: Pakhat aia tam inneih kawp.
✅Polyandry: Mipa pakhat aia tam nupui pakhat nei.
✅Polygyny: Hmeichhe pakhat aia tam pasal pakhat nei.
✅Service Industries: Thil siamchhuah aiin service lama hna thawk, entirnan, travel industry.
✅State Society: Sawrkar inrelbawlna fel tak nei khawtlang.
✅Stateless Society: Sawrkar inrelbawlna fel tak nei lo khawtlang.
✅Social Mobility: Dinhmun emaw hna pakhat atanga a dang pan na.
✅Lalber na (Sovereignty): State pakhata ram chin bik chhunga politika rorelna sawisel theih loh.
📝General Studies -1: UPSC and MPSC Mains Practice Questions
✅ EXERCISES
1. Write an essay on 'work'. Focus on both the range of occupations, which exist and how they change.
2. Discuss the kind of rights that exist in your society. How do they affect your life?
3. How does sociology study religion?
4. Write an essay on school as a social institution. Draw from both your reading as well as your personal observations.
5. Discuss how these social institutions interact with each other. You can start the discussion from yourself as a senior school student. And move on to how you are shaped by different social institutions. Are you entirely controlled or can you also resist and redefine social institutions?
