UPSC and State PSC || NCERT: Class 11- Socialogy || Chapter 2
📌📚UPSC,MPSC MAINS NOTES || GS-1 : INDIAN SOCIETY
📝Bibliography: He Zirlai hi NCERT Class 11 "Introducing Sociology " part Chapter -2 atang leh keima knowledge atanga ziak ka ni tih kha min lo hriatsak dawn nia. Sociology hi kan nitin nun ah hian a pawimawh hle a.Hna exam a tan chauh ni lovin nitin nun leh chenho na ah hian a pawimawh em em ani.He Chapter hi chhiar la Chung hriatthiamna chu nei rawh le☺️
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📝 Chapter 2: TERMS, CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SOCIOLOGY
✅ INTRODUCTION
Sociology hna pawimawh ber pakhat chu society leh mimal inkawp tawn dan zirchian a ni. Mimal tin te hi society-ah anmahni chauhin an awm lova, chhungkua, hnam, caste, class, chi, ram ang chi ho ah an tel vek a ni tih kan hmu bawk a. He chapter-ah hian, mimalten group an din dan te, mimal leh group-te awmna inthliar hrangna system leh dinhmun inang lo tak takte te, social control hman dan te, mimalten an hna an thawh dan te leh an dinhmun an luah dan te hrethiam turin kan zir ho leh dawn a ni.
A danga han sawi dawn chuan society-in hna a thawh dan kan zir tan a ni. Inrem takin a kal nge, buaina a awm zawk? Dinhmun leh hna te hi a nghet em? Social control hi engtin nge hman a nih? Eng ang inthliar hrangna nge awm? Zawhna erawh chu hetiang hian a la awm: Engvangin nge hriatthiam nan term leh concept bik kan mamawh?
Engvangin nge sociology hian term bik a mamawh, status leh roles emaw social control emaw hi kan nitin nunah kan hman tho chuan?
Nuclear physics ang chi, mi tam berin an hriat ngai loh leh an sawi ngai loh thil sawina discipline tan chuan, terminology hranpa siam a ngai ngei dawn a ni. Mahse, sociology tan chuan terminology hi a pawimawh zawk hial mai thei, a subject chungchang hi a hriat theih avang leh sawina tur thu a awm tho avangin. Kan vel a social institutions-te hi kan hmelhriat hle tawh a, chiang leh dik takin kan hmu thei tawh lo a ni (Berger 1976:25).
Entirnan, chhungkuaah kan awm avangin chhungkua chungchang kan hria kan ti mai thei. Hei hi sociological knowledge leh common sense knowledge emaw naturalistic explanation, Chapter 1-a kan sawi tawh nen a inang lo a ni ang.
Chapter hmasaah khan sociology hi discipline a nih dan kan hmu tawh bawk a chu chuan biography emaw history emaw a nei a. Engtin nge thil tangkai leh finna lama hmasawnna thenkhatin sociological perspective leh a ngaihtuahna te a siam tih kan hmu a. Chutiang bawkin sociological concepts pawhin sawi tur an nei ve bawk. He concepts tam tak hian social thinkers te ngaihtuahna, pre-modern atanga modern lama inthlak danglamna lo awm te manthiam leh hriatthiam tumna a lantir. Entirnan, sociologists te chuan simple, small scale leh traditional societies te hi inhnaih tak inbiakna hmangin an inzawm zawk tih an hmu a. Modern, large scale societies te erawh chu formal interaction hmangin an inzawm thung. Chuvangin, primary atanga secondary groups, community atanga society emaw association te an thliar hrang a ni.
Stratification ang chi concepts dangte hian sociologists ten society chhunga group hrang hrangte inthliarna awm te hriatthiam an tumna a lantir bawk.
Concepts( a bulthut hriatthiamna) hi society-ah a lo piangchhuak. Amaherawhchu, society-ah hian mi hrang hrang leh group hrang hrang an awm ang chiahin, concepts leh ngaihtuahna hrang hrang pawh a awm bawk. Sociology ngei pawh hian society manthiam dan leh modern period in social changes ropui tak a rawn ken tel te thlir dan hrang hrang a nei bawk.
Sociology lo chhuah tirh phat atangin society hriatthiam dan inang lo leh inhnial te a awm tawh tih kan hmu. Karl Marx tan chuan class leh conflict te hi society hriatthiamna atana concepts pawimawh tak an nih laiin, social solidarity leh collective conscience te hi Emile Durkheim tan chuan term pawimawh tak an ni thung. Post-World War II hunlai khan sociology hi structural functionalists te hian nasa takin an thunun a, chung mite chuan society hi inrem tlang takin an hmu. Society hi taksa pakhat ang maia an tehkhin hi an hman tangkai hle a, taksa peng hrang hrang ten an pumpui dinchhuah nan hna an thawk vek ang hi an hmu. Midangte, Marxism thununa awm conflict theorists te erawh chuan society hi inbeihna hmanga inzawm tlangin an hmu.
Sociology chhungah hian thenkhat chuan mihring chetzia hi mimal atanga tanin hriatthiam an tum a, i.e. micro interaction. Midangte erawh chuan macro structures, entirnan class, caste, market, state emaw community atangin an tan thung. Status leh role ang chi concepts te hi mimal atanga tanin, social control emaw stratification ang chi concepts te erawh hi chu mimal te awmna context lian zawk atanga tanin an hmu.
A pawimawh ber chu, sociology-a kan sawi classification leh types te hian thudik hriatthiamna atana hmanrua angin min pui a ni. Society hriatthiamna tura lock hawngna chabi an ni. Kan hriatthiamna atana luhna hmun an ni a, chhanna hnuhnung ber an ni lo. Mahse, chabi chu a kawi emaw a nih chuan, emaw lock a luh theih loh emaw a nih chuan engtin nge niang? Chutiang dinhmunah chuan chabi chu kan thlak emaw kan siam danglam emaw a ngai a ni. Sociology-ah hian concepts leh categories te hi kan hmang a, kan zawt fiah reng bawk.
A tam zawkah chuan definitions emaw concepts hrang hrang awm ho emaw social entity(nihna nei,thil awm) inang chungchanga ngaihdan hrang hrang awm te hi hmuh nuam loh chang a awm thin. Entirnan, conflict theory leh functionalist theory te. Hetiang approach hrang hrang awm hi sociology-ah hian a nasa hle a ni.
✅ SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIETY
Sociology hi mihring khawsak hona zirna a ni. Mihring khawsak hona pêng pawimawh tak pakhat chu mihringte an inbe tawn, an inkawm, leh khawtlâng an dinho thin hi a ni. Sociology-in a tehkhin leh a chanchin a zirna hian thil pahnih, langsar vak lo, a rawn pho chhuak a ni. Pakhatnaah chuan khawtlâng tinah, hmasâng emaw, feudal emaw, tunlai emaw, Asia emaw, Europe emaw, Africa emaw pawh ni se, mihring pawl leh khawtlâng an awm thin. Pahnihnaah chuan, pawl leh khawtlâng an awm dan hi khawtlâng hrang hrangah a danglam thin.
Mihring pungkhawm apiang hi social group an ni vek kher lo. Aggregates chu mihring hmun khata, hun khata awmkhawm mai, mahse inzawmna mumal nei lo an ni. Passengers-te railway station emaw airport emaw bus stop emaw cinema hall-a an nghah ho lai chu entirna a ni. Chutiang aggregates chu quasi groups an ti thin.
Quasi group chu aggregate emaw combination, structure emaw organisation nei lo, a member-te pawhin an awm ve tih an hre lo emaw an hre tlem emaw a ni. Social class-te, status group-te, age leh gender group-te, mipui pungkhawmte chu quasi group entirna an ni thei. Heng entirna aṭang hian quasi group-te hi hun leh hmun remchangah social group-ah an insiam thei tih a hriat. Entirnan, social class, caste emaw community bik a mi malte chu collective body angin an inorganise kher lo thei. "Keini" rilru an la pu lo pawh a ni thei. Mahse class leh caste aṭang hian political party-te an lo chhuak tawh ṭhin. Chutiang bawkin India rama hnam hrang hrangte pawhin anti-colonial struggle rei tak an neih hnuah identity thuhmun—nation pakhat, hma hun thuhmun nei angin an insiam chhuak. Hmeichhe movement chuan hmeichhe group leh organisation din a hring chhuak. Heng entirna zawng zawng hian social group-te engtin nge an lo chhuah, an inthlak danglam leh an insiam rem tih a tarlang a ni.
Social group chuan a tlem berah heng feature-te hi a nei tur a ni:
(i) continuity pe turin persistent interaction(thawhtawn na);
(ii) heng interaction-te hi pattern nghet tak nei;
(iii) member dangte nena inang tura sense of belonging, i.e. mi mal tinin group chu a hre chiang a, a rules, rituals leh symbols bik a hre bawk;
(iv) shared interest;
(v) common norm leh common value pawm; leh
(vi) structure hriat theih nei.
Social structure tih hian mi mal emaw group-te inkara interaction regular leh repetitive pattern-te a kawk a ni. Social group chuan society pakhata common interest, culture, value leh norm(a vangtlang) inang nei, continuously interacting person-te pungkhawm a kawk a ni.
✅ GROUP Hrang Hrangte( types of group)
He group chungchang section kan en ho leh turah hian sociologist leh social anthropologist hrang hrang ten group an then hrang dan chi hrang hrang in hmu ang. Mahse, in hmuhchhuah tur chu group then hrang danah hian an inang tlang deuh vek a ni. A tam zawkah chuan, mipuiin group an din dan, traditional societies (khawvel hmasang/hmun te) leh modern societies (khawvel changkang/hmun lian) ah te an khaikhin thin. A hma lama sawi tawh angin, traditional societies-a inbiak pawh dan hnai tak, inchei lem lo, hmai tawn chilh (face-to-face) leh modern societies-a inbiak pawh dan impersonal, inlaichin lo, hla tak (distant) a inthlau lutuk chu mak an ti hle a ni.
Mahse, inthlauhna nasa lutuk hi chu a tak takah chuan a dik chiah lo maithei a ni.
✅ Primary leh Secondary Social Groups
Group kan belhna zawng zawng hi kan tan an pawimawh tlang vek kher lo. Group thenkhat chuan kan nun kawng hrang hrangah nghawng an nei a, midang nen pawh kan inlaichinna a hnaihtir thin. Primary group tih hi mipui tlemte, inlaichinna hnai tak leh hmai tawn chilh (face-to-face) inbiak pawhna leh thawhhona hmanga inzawmkhawm sawina a ni. Primary group member-te chuan an inngaina hle thin. Chhungkua, khaw chhung leh groups ṭhianho hi primary group entirna an ni.
Secondary group-te hi an tam zawk a, inlaichinna pangngai leh mimal inlaichinna an nei lo. Primary group-te hi mimal ngaihsak an ni a, secondary group-te erawh chu thil tum nei an ni. School-te, sawrkar office-te, damdawi in-te, zirlai pawl-te etc. hi secondary group entirna an ni.
✅ Community leh Society emaw Association:
Khawvel hmasawn tawh leh khawpui nun nen inlaichinna leh nunphung danglam tak an neih avanga tehkhin leh danglamna hmuh chhuah tumna hi sociologist hmasate ziahna aṭang tawh a awm a ni.
'Community' tih hi mihring inlaichinna mimal tak, hnai tak, leh nghet tak, miin a inpumpekna a tam hle, chhungkua ang te, ṭhian tak tak te, emaw inlaichinna nghet tak neiho sawina a ni.
'Society' emaw 'association' tih hi 'community' nen a inkalh vek a, khawpui nun inlaichinna mimal ngaihsak lo, pawnlang, leh rei lo sawina a ni ber. Sumdawnna leh industry-te hian midang nena inbiaknaah ngaihtuahna hmang, fing, leh mahni hmasialna a ngai. Inlaichinna siam aiin contract emaw inremna kan siam zawk. Community hi primary group nen, association hi secondary group nen a tehkhin theih ang.
✅ In-Groups leh Out-Groups
In-group chu inlungrualna rilru pu tlat ho sawina a ni. He rilru hian 'keini' emaw 'kan' tih chu 'anni' emaw 'an' tih atangin a then hrang a. Zirlai, school pakhata telte chuan an school a tel ve lote chu 'out-group'-ah ngaiin 'in-group' an siam thei a. Chutiang group dang i ngaihtuah chhuak thei em?
🫢Puc a Sociology zirlai 2 semester kimi leh dami te awm angin ngaihruat ta la🤔kimi hian buaina tawk se dami hian "kan thian dun hi tinge min tih buai 🤣 i hre dawn khawp" a tih ang kha a ni mai.
Out-group ve thung chu in-group member-te an tel ve lohna group a ni. Out-group member-te hian in-group member-te hnen atangin demna emaw huatna emaw an tawk thei a. Migrant-te hi out-group-ah ngaih an ni fo. Chutiang ni mahse, hetah pawh hian a nihna dik tak, tunge tel a tunge tel lo tih chu hun leh khawtlang boruak a zirin a danglam thin.
Sociologist lar tak M.N. Srinivas chuan kum 1948-a Rampura khua a census a neih laiin, engtin nge lo pem hlim leh lo pem hmasa te chu an thliar hran tih a hmu a.
Ani chuan heti hian a ziak:
"Khaw mite hian thu sawi pahnih an hmang thin a, chung chu a pawimawh hle tih ka hrechhuak: lo pem hlim deuh te chu nenne monne bandavartu ('nimin emaw nizan emaw a lo kal') tiin an sawi deuh kher a, lo pem hmasa tawh te chu arsheyinda bandavaru ('hun hmasa a lo kal tawh') emaw khadeem kulagalu ('chi hluite') tiin an sawi thin (Srinivas 1996:33)."
✅ Reference Group
Mite pawl en thin tan chuan, an en chhoh leh an nih ve châk pawl dang an nei ziah thin. An nungchang an entawn thin pawlte hi reference group an ti. Keini chu kan reference group-ah kan tel lo na in, chu pawl nen chuan kan inang viau a ni tih kan inhria. Reference group te hi culture, nungchang, beiseina leh tumruhna chungchangah hian hriatna pawimawh tak an ni.
British awp huna India mi middle class tam tak chuan sap mi dik tak anga awm an châk thin. Chuvangin, an tan chuan reference group an ni thei a ni. Mahse he process hi mipat-hmeichhiatna nen a inkaihhnawih a, chu chu mipa leh hmeichhe tan a awmzia a danglam a ni. India mipate chuan sap mipa ang maia inchei leh ei an duh thin a, mahse India hmeichhe erawh chu an nungchangah 'India' anga awm reng turin an duh thung. A nih loh pawhin sap hmeichhe dik tak ang deuhva awm an châk a, mahse an ang chiah lo bawk. Tunah hian hetiang hi a la awm zel em?🤔 Kimi nag Sociology core ah i hre mial lo maw🤣🫢?
✅ Peer Groups
Hei hi primary group chi khat a ni a. A tlangpuiin kum inang emaw, hna inang thawkte inkara din a ni thin. Peer pressure (rualpawl nawrna) tih awmzia chu, mahni rualpui ten eng nge tih tur leh tih loh tur an sawi (social pressure) chu a ni.
✅ SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Social stratification tih chu khawtlanga pawl hrang hrangte inkara inkhaihhruai dan mumal taka inanglohna awm, bungrua emaw chhinchhiahna hlu hrang hrang an neih theih dan a inthlauhna sawina a ni. Chuvangin, stratification chu mihring pawl hrang hrangte inkara inthlauhna (structural inequalities) nia sawi theih a ni. Social stratification hi lei hnuai lung innghah khawm dan (geological layering) nen an khaikhin fo thin. Khawtlang chu 'strata' (pindan) hrang hrang, a chunga awmte chu an hausa zawk a, a hnuaia awmte chu an rethei zawk ang hiala inkhaihhruai nia ngaih theih a ni.
Thuneihna leh hamthatna inthlauhna hi sociology-ah chuan a pawimawh hle, khawtlang inrelbawl danah stratification hian hmun pawimawh tak a luah vang a ni. Mi tin leh chhungkaw tin nunphungah stratification hian nghawng a nei. Hriselna, damrei theihna, himna, zirna lama hlawhtlinna, hnaa hlimna leh politics lama thuneihna te hi mumal takin a insem lem lo a ni.
Chanchin kal tawhah chuan mihring khawtlangah stratification system hrang hrang pali a awm tawh: sal (slavery), caste, estate leh class. Sal system hi inthlauhna nasa tak a ni a, mi thenkhat chu mi dangte'n an neih hlen theihna a ni. Khawvel hmun hrang hrangah hun hrang hrangah a awm thin a, mahse sal system entirna lian pahnih a awm:
Greece leh Rome hlui leh USA rama Southern States-ah kum zana 18-na leh 19-naah khan. Dan anga sal neih hi chu tihbo tawh mahse, tunah pawh hian sal ang maia inhlawh, naupang te te pawh an la awm cheu a ni. Estates system hi feudal Europe-ah a lar hle. Estates chungchang hi kan sawi chiang dawn lo a, mahse caste leh class system hi social stratification system pawimawh tak an ni a, kan sawi zau dawn chauh a ni.
Class, caste, gender te hi khawtlanga social stratification bulpui an nih angin, "Understanding Society" tih lehkhabuah kan sawi chiang dawn a ni.
✅ Caste
Caste stratification system-ah chuan, mi pakhat dinhmun chu a pianpui status (ascribed status) a innghat tlat a, a nun chhung zawnga a hlawhchhuah (achieved status) a innghat lo. Class society-ah pawh hian hnam (race) leh gender ang chi pianpui status avanga hlawhtlinna lama harsatna awm lo tihna a ni lo. Mahse, caste society-ah chuan pianpui status hian class society aiin mi pakhat dinhmun a define chiang zawk hle a ni.
India rama caste system hluiah chuan, caste hrang hrangte hi social precedence (dinhmun) hierarchy-ah an awm. Caste structure-a dinhmun tinte hi a thianghlimna (purity) emaw bawlhhlawhna (pollution) a innghat a ni. A ngaihdan bulpui chu, a thianghlim ber, Brahmin puithiam caste-te chu mi dang zawng zawng aiin an chungnung zawk a, Panchamas, 'outcastes' an tih thinte chu caste dang zawng zawng aiin an hnuaihnung zawk a ni. He system hluiah hian varna pali (four fold varna) a awm: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas leh Shudras. A takah chuan, hna hrang hrang innghahchhan caste group tam tak, jatis an tih chu a awm a ni.
( Sir Bindu a kha Brahmin puithiam alo ni reng lo maw tiraw kimi🫢)- kimi ka tih hi kan junior ami ani a amah hi zirna lam ah a tui em avangin eg ah ka la mai mai o....
India rama caste system hi kum telin a danglam nasa tawh hle. Endogamy (mahni caste chhungah chauh inneih) leh ritual a hniam zawk nia an sawite nena inbiak pawh loh chu a chung zawk nia an insawite chuan thianghlimna vawn nan a pawimawh hle ni ah an ngai. Khawpui nunin a ken tel danglamnate chuan hei hi a tichhe zel. Sociologist lar tak A.R. Desai-a thil hmuhte chhiar rawh le.
India rama khawpui nuna danglamna lo thlengte chu sociologist A.R. Desai chuan hetiang hian a sawi:
🤔Tunlai indona hmunpui (industries) chuan tunlai khawpui, hotel, restaurant, theatre, tram, bus, rel kawng, leh hmun dang dang a siam chhuak. Hotel leh restaurant te chuan hnathawktute leh mi rethei zawk te tan eitur an siam a, khawpuiah chuan hnam hrang hrang mi, sakhaw hrang hrang mi te nen an khat tlat... Rel leh bus-ah chuan mi hniam zawk nia an ngaihte nen an inhnawh tlat thin... Mahse, hnam hrang hrang awmna chu a bo vek tihna erawh a ni lo (Desai 1975:248).
Danglamna awm mahse, thliar hranna chu awlsam taka tihbo theih a ni lo, mi pakhat sawi danin. Mill-ah chuan khawpuia awm ang chi thliar hranna a awm lo maithei, mahse mimal inbiaknaah erawh chuan thil dang a thleng. Parmar-a hmuh dan chuan... Kan kut atang tuizem an in duh lova, min biak chang pawhin tawngkam an hmang tha duh lo. Hei hi anmahni an inngaih theih vang a ni. Kum tam tak chhung hetiang hi a ni tawh. Kan inchei that pawhin thil eng emaw chu an pawm duh lo (Franco et. al. 2004:150).
Tun thleng pawhin hnam thliar hranna a la awm zel. Chutih rualin, democracy kalpui dan chuan hnam system hi a nghawng. Hnam hrang hrang chuan anmahni hlawkna turin an insuihkhawm a, an chak chho zel. Hnam thliar hrang hrangte pawhin an democratic rights an hmang tangkai zel tih kan hmu.
✅ Class (Pawl)
Class sawifiah nan beihna tam tak a awm tawh. Marx, Weber, leh functionalism-te ngaihdan pawimawh lai chauh kan sawi hmasa ang. Marxist theory-ah chuan social class chu thil siam chhuahna hmanrua (means of production) nena an inzawm danin a define. Pawl hrang hrangte chu leilung emaw, factory emaw ang chi thil siam chhuahna hmanrua neitute an ni em? Nge anmahni thawh chhuah (labour) chauh neitute an ni zawk? Weber chuan 'life-chances' (nun theihna remchang) tih a hmang a, chu chu market-a an dinhmunin a pek hlawkna leh remchangte a kawk. Inthliar hranna chu sum leh pai dinhmunah a innghat thei, Weber-a sawi danin. Mahse, zahna (prestige) emaw, political power (politika thuneihna) emawah pawh a innghat thei. Social stratification functionalist theory chu functionalism-a ngaihdan, eng society mah hi "classless" (pawl awm lo) emaw, unstratified (inthliar hrang lo) emaw a awm lo tih atangin a inbul tan. A functional necessity (mamawh) chuan khawvel pumah social stratification a awm chhan a hrilhfiah.
✅ Status and Role
'Status' leh 'role' tih ngaihdan pahnih hi ngaihdan phuah hnih angin an hmu fo thin. Status chu khawtlang emaw, pawl emawa dinhmun pakhat mai a ni. Khawtlang leh pawl tinrengah hetiang dinhmun hi a tam hle a, mi tinrengin hetiang dinhmun tam tak an luah theuh thin.
Chuvangin, status chu hetiang dinhmunte tana ruat dikna leh mawhphurhna sawifiahsa nei khawtlang dinhmun sawina a ni. Entirnan, nu dinhmun chu a luah a, chu chuan zia-leh-dan (norms of conduct) tam tak leh mawhphurhna leh chanvo (prerogatives) a nei.
Role chu status-in a ken tel chetzia emaw, mizia (dynamic or behavioural aspect) a ni. Status chu luah a ni a, role erawh chu chetzia a ni. Status chu dinhmun nghet (institutionalised role) a ni kan ti thei ang. Chu chu khawtlang pumpui emaw, khawtlanga pawl specific tinrengah emaw tihdan phung, standard, leh formal taka siam a ni tawh a ni.
Kan khawtlang harsa (modern complex society) angah hian mi tinrengin an dam chhunga status hrang hrang tam tak an luah thin tih a chiang hle ang. Nang college Zirlai emaw zo tawh i nih angin, i zirtirtu tan zirlai i ni thei a, i grocer tan customer i ni a, Aizawl bus driver tan passenger i ni thei a, i unaupa/unaunu tan unau i ni a, doctor tan damlo i ni bawk ang. Sawi belh zel theih a ni ang tih chu sawi ngai lo a ni. A te deuh leh a simple deuh khawtlangah chuan, mi malin dinhmun an neih theih zat a tlem tual tual.
Khawtlang changkangah chuan, kan hmuh tawh angin, mi malin dinhmun hrang hrang a luah a, chu chu sociology tawngkam chuan status set an ti. Mi malin an nun kawng hrang hrangah dinhmun hrang hrang an nei thin. Fapa chu pa a lo ni a, pi/pu a lo ni a, a hnuah pi/pu lian a lo ni zel a. Hei hi status sequence an ti a, chumi awmzia chu an nun kawng hrang hrangah dinhmun an neih chhoh zel dan sawina a ni.
Ascribed status chu mi malin pianpui emaw, an duhthlan lohva an neih emaw social position sawina a ni. Ascribed status neih chhan tlanglawn ber chu kum, caste, hnam leh chhungkaw inzawmna te an ni. Khawtlang hmasa leh traditional societies-ah chuan ascribed status hi a pawimawh hle. Achieved status erawh chu mi malin an thiamna, an hlawhtlinna, an nungchang leh an duhthlanna hmanga an duh thuin an neih theih social position sawina a ni. Achieved status neih chhan tlanglawn ber chu zirna qualification, sum lakluh, leh professional expertise te an ni. Khawtlang changkangah chuan achievemnets hi a pawimawh hle a. An member-te chu an achievements azirin chawimawi an hlawh thin.
"Nangmah i infiah a ngai" tih tawngkam hi engtia tam nge i hriat tawh ang? Traditional societies-ah chuan i dinhmun chu i pianpui a ni a, sawi sa a ni tawh. Amaherawhchu, a chunga kan sawi tawh angin, tunlai achievement-based societies-ah pawh, ascribed status hi a la pawimawh tho tho.
Status leh prestige hi thil inkungkaih tawn an ni. Dinhmun tinreng hian chanvo leh hlutna hrang hrang a nei. Hlutna hi dinhmunah (social position) a innghat ber zawk a, chu dinhmun luah hmeichhia/mipaah emaw, an chet danah emaw, an thiltih danah emaw a innghat lo. Chu dinhmun emaw, office emawa hlutna innghat chu prestige an ti.
Miten dinhmun hi a sang emaw, a hniam emawa prestige nei angin an thliar thei. Doctor-in prestige sang zawk a nei thei a, dawr nghaktu aiin, doctor-in sum tlem zawk a hlawh pawhin. Thil pawimawh tak hriat tur chu, occupation eng nge prestigious an tih chu khawtlang hrang hrangah leh hun hrang hrangah a danglam thei tih hi a ni.
✅ SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CONTROL
Social control hi sociology-a hman tlanglawn ber pakhat a ni. Mi laktlaklo leh thuawihlo te kawng dik rawn zawhtir leh nana khawtlangin hmanrua hrang hrang a hman sawina a ni.
Functionalist ngaihdanah chuan social control chu:
(i) mimal leh pawl chetzia sawisakna atana tharum hman, leh
(ii) khawtlanga remna leh order awmtir tura values leh patterns hman luihna a ni.
Social control hi mimal emaw pawl emaw chet dan pangngai lo dang tur, leh mimal leh pawlte inkara inelna leh buaina tireh a, khawtlang order leh inremna vawn nun tura hman a ni. Chutiang chuan social control hi khawtlang dinhmun nghet tura ngaihtuah a ni.
Conflict theorist-te chuan social control hi social class lian zawkten khawtlang dang zawng zawng chunga an thu theihna hmanruaah an ngai tlangpui. Dinhmun nghet chu pawl pakhatin a dang chunga thu neihnaah an ngai ang. Chutiangin, dan chu thuneitute leh an duh dan khawtlang chunga hman luihnaah an ngai bawk ang.
Social control chu mimal emaw pawl emaw chet dan sawisakna atana social process, techniques leh strategies hman a ni. Mimal leh pawlte chet dan sawisakna atana tharum hman a ni bawk.
A hlutna leh dan (patterns) te humhalh a, chumi hmanga khawtlanga remruatna (order) siam chu a kawk bawk.Khawtlang enkawlna (social control) hi a langsar (informal) emaw, a langsar lo (formal) emaw a ni thei. Dan leh hrai, ruahmanna fel tak, leh a langsar chi dangte hman a nih chuan, chu chu "formal social control" an ti. Formal social control hmanrua leh a kalpuitute an awm, entirnan, dan leh sawrkar (state).
Khawtlang thang zelah chuan formal mechanism leh social control hmanruate hi an pawimawh zual hle.
Khawtlang tinah social control chi dang, "informal social control" an tih chu a awm bawk. Hei chu mimal thil, official lo, leh dan leh hrai anga ziah loh a ni. Hetiangah hian hmel siam, taksa chezia (body language), hmel dur, sawiselna, deusawhna, nuihzatna, etc. te a tel. Hêngte hman danah hian khawtlang khat chhungah pawh danglamna nasa tak a awm thei. Ni tin nunah chuan an thawk tha hle.
Chutih rualin, eng emaw châng chuan, informal social control hman dan hian zawmna (conformity) emaw thuawihna (obedience) a tawk lo thei. Informal social control hmanrua hrang hrang a awm, entirnan, chhungkua, sakhua, inzawmna (kinship), etc.
Hrilhfiahna(glossary)
✅.Inremlohna Theory-te (Conflict Theories): Mihring khawtlanga inelna, in thenna leh, duhdan hrang hrang awmte a ngaih pawimawh sociological perspective a ni. Inremlohna theory-te ringtute chuan khawtlanga bungrua hlu tak tak leh harsa taka hmuh theih awmte hian buaina a siam a, chu chu pawl hrang hrangin bungrua hlu tak tak hmuh theih dan leh anmahni control theih dan an ngaihtuah vang a ni an ti. Inremlohna theory-te ringtu tam tak chu Marx-a ziakte hian nasa takin a thunun a ni.
✅ Functionalism (Hnathawh Dan Theory): Khawtlanga thil thlengte hi an hnathawh dan — chu chu khawtlang an siam that theih dan an ngaihtuahna hmanga hrilhfiah theih ber a ni tih ngaihdan a ni. Khawtlang chu system harsa tak, a bung hrang hrangte chu inzawm tlat, hriatthiam ngai taka inzawm an ni tih ngaihdan a ni bawk.
✅Identity (Mahni Inchan Dan): Mi mal mizia emaw pawl mizia hrang tak, anmahni an nihna leh an tan thil pawimawh an ngaihtuahna a ni. Mahni inchan dan siamtu pawimawh thenkhat chu mipat hmeichhiatna, hnam emaw chi emaw, khawtlang dinhmun te a ni.
✅ Means of Production (Thil Siam Chhuahna Hmanrua): Khawtlanga bungrua siam chhuahna hmanrua, technology chauh ni lovin, thil siam chhuaktute inkara inlaichinna pawh a tel.
✅ Microsociology leh Macrosociology: Ni tin nunphung, hmaichhana inbiakna hmanga zirna hi microsociology an ti deuh ber. Microsociology-ah chuan mi mal emaw pawl te tak te dinhmun a zir a ni. Macrosociology nen a danglam a, chu chuan khawtlang system lian tak tak, politics system emaw economy dinhmun emaw a zir a ni. Hrang hlak angin lang mah se, an inzawm tlat a ni.
✅ Natal (Pianna): Miin a pianna hmun emaw hun emaw a kawk.
✅Norms (Dan): Nungchang dan, culture hlutna lantir emaw keng tel emaw, nungchang tur sawi emaw, khap emaw a ni. Norms chu a awm reng a ni.
Thank you em em ☺️☺️.
