Basel Norms( Banking) Chapter -2.
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Written by: Elisa Lalrinngheta (Zo Guide)
✅A Tlangpui (Overview)
Basel norms, Basel Accords tia hriat bawk, hi khawvel pum huapa pawm banking standards, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in a tlangzarh a ni.
Heng dan te hian ram hrang hrangte banking kalpui dan inmil tlang turin a tum a, khawvel pumpui banking system a ding nghet tura siam a ni. Heng dan te hian bank ten an hmachhawn theih risk te leh financial ecosystem a thil hlauhawm awm thei te ven nan a ni.
✅Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) hi banking regulation chungchanga khawvel huapa thuneitu ber a ni.
Central bank te leh regulatory authorities te banking supervision tih that nan thawhhona platform a siam a ni.
Kum 1974 khan Group of Ten ram te central bank governors ten an din a, kum 2009 leh 2014 ah te a member hi 45 ah zauh belh a ni a, central bank te leh regulatory bodies te an tel.
7A tum ber chu supervisory challenges hriatthiamna tih hausak leh khawvel huapa banking oversight quality tihsan a ni.
✅ Basel Norms Tum (Purpose)
Bank ten borrower hrang hrang, risk profile hrang hrang nei te hnenah loan an pe chhuak thin.
Heng institution te hian mipui deposit leh equity an hman thin avangin default theihna risk an hmachhawn thin.
Heng risk te ven nan, bank ten an capital thenkhat chu buffer atan an dah hrang ngei tur a ni. Basel norms hi heng financial vulnerabilities ven nan hian duan chhuah a ni.
✅ 'Basel' Hming Lo Chhuahna (Origin of the Name 'Basel')
Basel Committee hi Switzerland rama Basel khaw hming chawia sak a ni a, he khua hi Bank for International Settlements (BIS) awmna a ni.
Kum 1930 a din, BIS hian financial stability leh uniform banking regulations promote nan central bank te inzawmkhawmna a siam a ni.
✅ BCBS hi Basel-a BIS headquarters atangin an inrelbawl.
➡️ Basel Norms pathumte
Tun thlenga Basel norms set pathum, a huhova Basel Accords tia koh, chu tlangzarh tawh a ni:
1).Basel I
2). Basel II
3). Basel III
✅ Basel I Norms
Kum 1988-a pharhchhuah, Basel I hian credit risk, borrower-in a bat a theih loh palh hlauhawmna sawina, a focus ber a ni. Risk-weighted assets (RWA) atanga 8% tlem ber capital requirement a siam. India chuan kum 1999-ah Basel I norms hi a pawm a, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) chuan scheduled commercial banks-te chu Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) 9% vawng turin thu a pe a ni.
✅ Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA): Assets-te chu an risk level azira thliar hrang, collateral-backed assets-te chu unsecured personal loans nen khaikhin chuan risk an nei tlem zawk.
✅CRAR: Bank capital leh a risk-weighted assets-te ratio, financial stability a hman theih nan.
✅ Capital Structure:
Tier 1 Capital: Core equity leh reserves, channa a awmin a hliah.
Tier 2 Capital: Supplementary reserves, long-term subordinated debt telin.
2).Basel II Norms
Kum 2004-a tlangzarh, Basel II hian Basel I chunga siam danglam hret a ni. Pillar pathum concept a pharhchhuak:
✅ Pillar I: Minimum Capital Requirements
Market leh operational risks, credit risk bulah a telh.
Capital chu Tier 1, Tier 2, leh short-term subordinated debt-ah a then.
✅Pillar II: Supervisory Review
Pillar I aiawha capital internal endawlna, minimum standard zawmna, leh risk huamna ang chi bikah nn focus.
✅ Pillar III: Market Discipline
Transparency sang zawk leh risk management that zawk na atan.
India ram chuan Basel II norms hi zawi zawiin a pawm a, scheduled commercial bank zawng zawngte chu RBI's directives hnuaiah zawm tura tih an ni.
📝Basel III Dan
Kum 2007-2009 chhunga khawvel puma sum dinhmun buai khan bank lamah harsatna lian tak tak a awm tih a tarlang. Sumdawnnaa capital hrilhfiahna hrang hrangte, dan ang thlapa siamthatna tawk lo te, leh inang lo taka mipui hnena hriattirnate chuan bank-te laka mipui rinna a tibo. Heng harsatnate chinfel nan, Basel III dan chu December 2010 khan hman tan a ni.
✅Basel III thil tum pawimawh takte chu:
Capital dinhmun tihchak leh tihpun.
Dan ang thlapa capital mamawh zat tihsan.
Mipui hnena hriattirna dan khauh zawk hman.
✅ Thil Pawimawh Tehfungte:
1.Capital Adequacy (Capital Tawk Zata Neihte):
Minimum capital adequacy ratio (CAR) 10.5% (2.5% capital conservation buffer telin).
2.Systemic risks tihzia awmnan counter-cyclical buffer (0-2.5%) hman tan.
3.Leverage Ratio:
Bank-te chuan financial health tha an neih nan leh over-leveraging tihziaawm nan leverage ratio 3% tal an vawng ngei tur a ni.
4.Liquidity Ratios:
✅Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR): Bank-te chuan ni 30 stress scenario an paltlang theih nan high-quality liquid assets an kawl ngei tur a ni.
✅Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR): Bank-te tan kum khat chhunga stable funding a awm theih nan a pui.
✅ India rama hman dan
Basel III norms hi India ramah April 1, 2013 atang khan chhunzawm zelin hman tan a ni a, RBI hriattirna thar berte pawh telh zel a ni. Heng norms hian harsatna economic lama lo awm thei laka bank-te him theih nan banking framework chak leh tlo tak siam a tum a ni.
Thank you.
